The Unsung Hero of Wastewater Treatment: Biological Phosphorus Removal
Our planet is drowning in data, but often overlooking the silent battles waged beneath the surface. One such battle is the constant fight against phosphorus pollution, a crucial nutrient that, in excess, wreaks havoc on our ecosystems. While chemical methods exist to combat this, a more sustainable and efficient solution has emerged: Biological Phosphorus Removal (BPR). This sophisticated process, leveraging the power of microorganisms, offers a greener, more economical approach to wastewater treatment, paving the way for cleaner waters and a healthier planet. This article delves deep into the fascinating world of BPR, exploring its mechanisms, benefits, applications, and future prospects.
Understanding the Microbiological Marvel:
BPR hinges on the unique metabolic capabilities of specific bacteria, primarily polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). Unlike other bacteria, PAOs possess the ability to store excess phosphorus as polyphosphate granules within their cells during periods of abundant organic carbon and limited oxygen (anoxic conditions). This process, known as anaerobic uptake, is crucial to the BPR cycle. When oxygen becomes available (aerobic conditions), these bacteria utilize the stored polyphosphate to fuel their metabolic processes, releasing the phosphorus into the wastewater stream. This cleverly orchestrated shift between anoxic and aerobic conditions allows for efficient phosphorus removal. In contrast, glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) compete with PAOs, storing glycogen instead of polyphosphate under anoxic conditions. The balance between PAOs and GAOs is critical for effective BPR performance, a delicate equilibrium often influenced by operational parameters.
The BPR Process: A Step-by-Step Guide:
The BPR process typically involves a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) or a modified activated sludge system with distinct anoxic and aerobic zones. The wastewater undergoes several phases:
- Anoxic Phase: Wastewater enters the anoxic zone where organic matter is broken down, and PAOs uptake phosphorus anaerobically. The release of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from the organic matter is essential to fuel this process.
- Aerobic Phase: The wastewater then moves to the aerobic zone, where oxygen is abundant. PAOs release the stored phosphorus as orthophosphate, which can then be removed via settling and sludge removal.
- Settling/Clarification: After the aerobic phase, the treated wastewater is clarified, separating the activated sludge containing PAOs from the treated effluent. This sludge is then recycled back into the anoxic zone to continue the cycle.
- Waste Sludge Removal: A portion of the activated sludge is regularly removed to maintain the desired biomass concentration and prevent excessive phosphorus accumulation in the system.
Chart 1: Simplified BPR Process Flowchart
| Phase | Oxygen Level | Microbial Activity | Phosphorus State |
|--------------|--------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Anoxic | Low | PAOs uptake phosphorus, VFAs production | Uptake |
| Aerobic | High | PAOs release phosphorus, cellular respiration | Release |
| Settling | Any | Sludge separation | Concentrated |
| Waste Sludge | Any | Sludge removal | Removed |
Key Benefits of Biological Phosphorus Removal:
Cost-Effectiveness: BPR often offers a lower operational cost compared to chemical phosphorus removal methods, particularly when considering the cost of chemical addition and disposal of phosphorus-laden sludge.
Environmental Friendliness: By utilizing microorganisms, BPR significantly reduces the environmental impact associated with chemical phosphorus removal, minimizing the need for chemical additives and their associated waste.
Enhanced Sludge Production: The concentrated sludge produced by BPR processes allows for more efficient sludge handling and disposal, potentially leading to revenue generation from biosolids use.
Improved Effluent Quality: BPR systems can achieve higher phosphorus removal efficiencies than conventional methods, leading to improved effluent quality and reduced environmental impact.
Flexibility and Adaptability: BPR can be integrated into various wastewater treatment plant configurations, offering flexibility in design and operation.
Challenges and Limitations of BPR
While BPR offers significant advantages, several challenges need consideration:
Sensitivity to Operational Parameters: BPR's effectiveness is highly sensitive to factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen levels, and the availability of organic carbon. Fluctuations in these parameters can negatively impact phosphorus removal efficiency.
Competition with GAOs: The competition between PAOs and GAOs for substrates can reduce phosphorus removal efficiency. Careful process control is crucial to favor PAO growth.
Sludge Bulking: Under certain conditions, the activated sludge can become bulky, leading to poor settling and reduced efficiency.
Phosphate Release during Anoxic Conditions: Some PAOs may inadvertently release small amounts of phosphate during anoxic conditions. This leakage needs to be considered.
Case Study: The Wastewater Treatment Plant in Leeuwarden, Netherlands
The Leeuwarden wastewater treatment plant is a notable example of successful BPR implementation. By adopting a modified activated sludge process with carefully controlled anoxic and aerobic zones, they achieved consistently high phosphorus removal efficiencies, significantly exceeding regulatory requirements and setting a benchmark for other facilities. Their meticulous monitoring and optimization of operational parameters have been crucial to this success. Their case highlights the importance of careful design, continuous monitoring, and operational expertise in achieving optimal BPR performance.
Real-Life Applications Beyond Wastewater Treatment
The principles of BPR extend beyond traditional wastewater treatment. Research is underway to explore its application in:
Agricultural Runoff Treatment: Reducing phosphorus pollution in agricultural runoff is crucial to protect water bodies from eutrophication. BPR systems could be adapted for on-site or centralized treatment of agricultural wastewater.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Various industries generate wastewater high in phosphorus. BPR offers a sustainable alternative for phosphorus removal in these contexts.
Mining Wastewater Treatment: Mining operations often release phosphorus-rich wastewater, necessitating effective treatment strategies. BPR could provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution.
Conclusion:
Biological Phosphorus Removal represents a significant advancement in wastewater treatment technology. Its ability to harness the power of microorganisms for efficient and sustainable phosphorus removal offers a cleaner, more cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution compared to traditional chemical methods. While challenges remain, ongoing research and advancements continue to enhance the effectiveness and applicability of BPR. As we face growing pressure to protect our water resources, the continued development and widespread adoption of BPR are crucial for a healthier planet.
FAQs:
- What are the main microorganisms involved in BPR? Primarily polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), but the balance with glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) is crucial.
- How does BPR differ from chemical phosphorus removal? BPR utilizes microorganisms for phosphorus removal, while chemical methods rely on the addition of chemicals like ferric chloride or alum.
- What are the key factors affecting the efficiency of BPR? Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen levels, organic carbon availability, and the ratio of PAOs to GAOs.
- Can BPR be applied to all types of wastewater? While highly effective for municipal wastewater, adaptations might be necessary for industrial or agricultural wastewater with varying compositions.
- What are the future prospects of BPR? Continued research focuses on improving the efficiency, robustness, and applicability of BPR in various settings, including the development of more resilient PAO strains and improved process control strategies.
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphorus Removal P. M. J. Janssen, K. Meinema, H. F. van der Roest, 2002-05-31 Biological phosphorus (bio-P) removal has become a reliable and well-understood process within wastewater treatment, despite being one of the most complex processes in the activated sludge process. Extended fundamental and full-scale research has been carried out into the bio-P process and the state-of-the-art is described in this report. A summarising historical overview gives insight into the establishment of the appropriate microbiological and biochemical basis of the process and the development of bio-P configurations in practice. Aspects of the bio-P process that have a direct influence on the efficiency of phosphorus removal are subjected to an in-depth investigation. This report presents guidelines for design and dimensioning in order to introduce and/or optimise the bio-P process in practice. Twelve bio-P installations are extensively described and the operational results and experiences are related to existing bio-P knowledge and guidelines. Based on a number of parameters, a comparison is made between the described bio-P plants. A steady state model is verified with extensive periods of practical experience of the plants. The bio-P model, which is provided on CD-ROM (available for download here), offers a reliable insight into the bio-P process, coupled with sensitivity analyses regarding wastewater characteristics and process parameters for the anaerobic volume and the P-ortho concentration in the final effluent. The report ends with a systematic approach to the design of the bio-P process, based on the background of the bio-P process itself, much practical experience and the analysis of operational bio-P plants. Also presented is a systematic approach to tackle operational aspects of the bio-P process in order to generate an acceptable low P effluent concentration. This optimisation of the bio-P process operation is supported by a decision diagram. Biological Phosphorus Removal will be an invaluable source of information for all those concerned with wastewater treatment, including plant managers, process designers, consultants and researchers. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates Cao Ye Shi, 2011-03-15 Special Offer: Cao Ye Shi Author Set - Buy all three books together and save a total £76! Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates presents the results of detailed research on the Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) activated sludge process under warm climate conditions (20oC - 30oC), which is part of the R & D program of Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore. The investigations and studies presented in this book are application-oriented, but at the same time the studies aim at an insightful understanding of the EBPR with the knowledge of the latest development in academic field. The focus points are: EBPR performance of laboratory-scale and full-scale activated sludge processes under the site conditions in warm climates The carbon competition and distribution between PAO and GAO (and denitrifiers) in the process The stoichiometry and kinetics of P-release, COD uptake in the anaerobic environment and P-uptake in the aerobic environment under different temperatures and operating conditions PAO and GAO population fractions, shift and dominance studies using FISH and batch tests The inter-relationships between the system performance, process design and the microbial community EBPR for industrial wastewater (high ratio of feed COD/P) treatment under warm climates. Together with the preceding book – Biological Nitrogen Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates – published by IWA in 2008, this book fills the gap of biological nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal in warm climates and provides unique experiences and knowledge for Process and design researchers and engineers in wastewater research, students and academic staff in Civil/Sanitation/Environment Departments, as well as Managers, Engineers and Consultants in water companies and water utilities. Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/SELECTIONOFDOMESTICWASTEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMSINWARMCLIMATEREGIONS |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future Christian Schaum, 2018-03-15 This comprehensive book provides an up-to-date and international approach that addresses the Motivations, Technologies and Assessment of the Elimination and Recovery of Phosphorus from Wastewater. This book is part of the Integrated Environmental Technology Series. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus Precipitation in Anaerobic Digestion Process Nuria Martí Ortega, 2006-06-27 Anaerobic digestion is the most widely process used for the stabilisation of wastewater treatment sludge. Organic matter is transformed into CH4 and CO2 by the action of different bacteria groups. The main advantages are the reduction of the volume of waste sludge and the production of methane gas that can be utilized as energy supply for the process. During anaerobic digestion of activated sludge from enhanced biological phosphorus removal process (EBPR-process), most of the phosphorus eliminated during the water treatment, as well as that from cellular lysis, is released. So that, phosphorus concentration in the digester increases and precipitation problems can occur. In this work, anaerobic digestion process of waste activated sludge and primary pre-fermented sludge was studied in a pilot plant. Furthermore, phosphorus balance was performed in order to quantify phosphorus precipitation in the digester. Separate and mixed thickening of sludges was carried out with the aim of study its influence in the process. NOTE: This thesis is in Spanish. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater Richard I. Sedlak, 1991-10-07 This valuable new book offers practical guidance regarding the design and operation of systems for reducing effluent nitrogen and phosphorus. The principles of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are discussed, including sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, removal options, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in treatment, process selection, and treatment. The book also covers the design and operation of nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, including system options, system design, facility design, facility costs, and operation. Practical case studies are provided as examples of successful system implementations that may be able to help you decide what will work best in your plant. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Modeling Biological Phosphorus Removal in Activated Sludge Systems D. Brdanovic, 2021-10-01 This text looks at different effects on the process of biological phosphorus removal. Topics include: biological phosphorus removal processes; process and molecular ecological studies; and the effect of potassium limitation on biological phosphorus removal. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Design Manual , 1988 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Wastewater Treatment C. P. Leslie Grady Jr., Glen T. Daigger, Nancy G. Love, Carlos D. M. Filipe, 2011-05-09 Following in the footsteps of previous highly successful and useful editions, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition presents the theoretical principles and design procedures for biochemical operations used in wastewater treatment processes. It reflects important changes and advancements in the field, such as a revised treatment of the microbiology and kinetics of nutrient removal and an update of the simulation of biological phosphorous removal with a more contemporary model. See what’s new in the Third Edition: A chapter devoted to the description and simulation of anaerobic bioreactors Coverage of applications of submerged attached growth bioreactors Expanded discussion of modeling attached growth systems Increased information on the fate and effects of trace contaminants as they relate to xenobiotic organic chemicals A chapter on applying biochemical unit operations to design systems for greater sustainability The book describes named biochemical operations in terms of treatment objectives, biochemical environment, and reactor configuration; introduces the format and notation used throughout the text; and presents the basic stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial reactions that are key to quantitative descriptions of biochemical operations. It then examines the stoichiometry and kinetics used to investigate the theoretical performance of biological reactors containing microorganisms suspended in the wastewater. The authors apply this theory to the operations introduced, taking care to highlight the practical constraints that ensure system functionality in the real world. The authors focus on further biochemical operations in which microorganisms grow attached to solid surfaces, adding complexity to the analysis, even though the operations are often simpler in application. They conclude with a look to the future, introducing the fate and effects of xenobiotic and trace contaminants in wastewater treatment systems and examining how the application of biochemical operations can lead to a more sustainable world. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters R. Ramadori, 2017-01-31 Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters contains the proceedings of an International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control Specialized Conference held in Rome, Italy on September 28-30, 1987. Contributors review advances that have been made in the removal of biological phosphates from wastewaters, both at the fundamental scientific level and in the practical application of the process. Topics range from the fundamental microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological removal of phosphate to the practical full-scale plant experiences with phosphorus removal and sludge handling from such processes. This text is comprised of 43 chapters; the first of which describes the utilization of polyphosphate as an energy reserve in Acinetobacter sp. and activated sludge. Attention then turns to metabolic control in polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria and its role in enhancing biological phosphate removal. The biochemistry and energetics of biological phosphorus removal are also considered. The next section is devoted to process modeling and includes chapters that explore the kinetics of biological excess phosphorus removal; factors affecting anaerobic stabilization during biological phosphorus removal; and the behavior of magnesium in biological phosphate removal. In the next section, bench/pilot-scale studies are presented; one of which investigated the reduction of returned phosphorus from a sludge treatment process. The book concludes with a discussion on phosphate removal mechanisms and pilot- and full-scale experiences. This book will be of interest to students, practitioners, and policymakers in water pollution control. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology Duncan Mara, Nigel J. Horan, 2003-08-07 Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and therefore a basic human right --Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General Edited by two world-renowned scientists in the field, The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology provides a definitive and comprehensive coverage of water and wastewater microbiology. With contributions from experts from around the world, this book gives a global perspective on the important issues faced in the provision of safe drinking water, the problems of dealing with aquatic pollution and the processes involved in wastewater management. Starting with an introductory chapter of basic microbiological principles, The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology develops these principles further, ensuring that this is the essential text for process engineers with little microbiological experience and specialist microbiologists alike. Comprehensive selection of reviews dealing with drinking water and aquatic pollution Provides an understading of basic microbiology and how it is applied to engineering process solutions Suitable for all levels of knowledge in microbiology -from those with no background to specialists who require the depth of information |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological and Chemical Systems for Nutrient Removal Water Environment Federation. Task Force on Biological and Chemical Systems for Nutrient Removal, 1998 Special publication that discusses the method of utilizing a combination of biological and chemical processes to remove nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater. Chapter topics include: overview of nutrient removal processes, chemical phosphorus removal, principles of biological nitrogen removal, principles of biological phosphorus removal, nitrification design, design of biological phosphorus removal processes, structured process models for biological nutrient control, nutrient removal by aquatic systems, testing and evaluation of full-scale nutrient removal facilities and costs for nutrient removal. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Dynamical Modelling & Estimation in Wastewater Treatment Processes D. Dochain, Peter A. Vanrolleghem, 2001-12-01 Environmental quality is becoming an increasing concern in our society. In that context, waste and wastewater treatment, and more specifically biological wastewater treatment processes play an important role. In this book, we concentrate on the mathematical modelling of these processes. The main purpose is to provide the increasing number of professionals who are using models to design, optimise and control wastewater treatment processes with the necessary background for their activities of model building, selection and calibration. The book deals specifically with dynamic models because they allow us to describe the behaviour of treatment plants under the highly dynamic conditions that we want them to operate (e.g. Sequencing Batch Reactors) or we have to operate them (e.g. storm conditions, spills). Further extension is provided to new reactor systems for which partial differential equation descriptions are necessary to account for their distributed parameter nature (e.g. settlers, fixed bed reactors). The model building exercise is introduced as a step-wise activity that, in this book, starts from mass balancing principles. In many cases, different hypotheses and their corresponding models can be proposed for a particular process. It is therefore essential to be able to select from these candidate models in an objective manner. To this end, structure characterisation methods are introduced. Important sections of the book deal with the collection of high quality data using optimal experimental design, parameter estimation techniques for calibration and the on-line use of models in state and parameter estimators. Contents Dynamical Modelling Dynamical Mass Balance Model Building and Analysis Structure Characterisation (SC) Structural Identifiability Practical Identifiability and Optimal Experiment Design for Parameter Estimation (OED/PE) Estimation of Model Parameters Recursive State and Parameter Estimation Glossary Nomenclature |
| biological phosphorus removal: Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment Juan M. Lema, Sonia Suarez Martinez, 2017-06-15 This book introduces the 3R concept applied to wastewater treatment and resource recovery under a double perspective. Firstly, it deals with innovative technologies leading to: Reducing energy requirements, space and impacts; Reusing water and sludge of sufficient quality; and Recovering resources such as energy, nutrients, metals and chemicals, including biopolymers. Besides targeting effective C,N&P removal, other issues such as organic micropollutants, gases and odours emissions are considered. Most of the technologies analysed have been tested at pilot- or at full-scale. Tools and methods for their Economic, Environmental, Legal and Social impact assessment are described. The 3R concept is also applied to Innovative Processes design, considering different levels of innovation: Retrofitting, where novel units are included in more conventional processes; Re-Thinking, which implies a substantial flowsheet modification; and Re-Imagining, with completely new conceptions. Tools are presented for Modelling, Optimising and Selecting the most suitable plant layout for each particular scenario from a holistic technical, economic and environmental point of view. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Wastewater Treatment Mogens Henze, Poul Harremoes, Erik Arvin, Jes LaCour Jansen, 2014-03-12 |
| biological phosphorus removal: The Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates Igor S. Kulaev, Vladimir Vagabov, Tatiana Kulakovskaya, 2005-01-28 Now in a second edition, Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates fills the need for an exhaustive resource on inorganic polyphosphate metabolism. The authors describe the structure and properties of these compounds and presents a comparative analysis of the newest and traditional methods of their extraction from cells. Distribution of polyphosphates in organisms, their localization in cells and tissues is also described. Comprehensive presentation of inorganic polyphosphate metabolism Follows polyphosphates in cells of organisms from different stages of evolution Presents methods for the analysis and study of polyP-dependent enzymes Comprehensive information on genetics, metabolism and biotechnology of polyphosphates Textbook and reference work on all aspects of polyphosphates |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Wastewater Treatment Mogens Henze, 1881 For information on the online course in Biological Wastewater Treatment from UNESCO-IHE, visit: http://www.iwapublishing.co.uk/books/biological-wastewater-treatment-online-course-principles-modeling-and-design Over the past twenty years, the knowledge and understanding of wastewater treatment have advanced extensively and moved away from empirically-based approaches to a first principles approach embracing chemistry, microbiology, physical and bioprocess engineering, and mathematics. Many of these advances have matured to the degree that they have been codified into mathematical models for simulation with computers. For a new generation of young scientists and engineers entering the wastewater treatment profession, the quantity, complexity and diversity of these new developments can be overwhelming, particularly in developing countries where access is not readily available to advanced level tertiary education courses in wastewater treatment. Biological Wastewater Treatment addresses this deficiency. It assembles and integrates the postgraduate course material of a dozen or so professors from research groups around the world that have made significant contributions to the advances in wastewater treatment. The book forms part of an internet-based curriculum in biological wastewater treatment which also includes: Summarized lecture handouts of the topics covered in book Filmed lectures by the author professors Tutorial exercises for students self-learning Upon completion of this curriculum the modern approach of modelling and simulation to wastewater treatment plant design and operation, be it activated sludge, biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, secondary settling tanks or biofilm systems, can be embraced with deeper insight, advanced knowledge and greater confidence. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater Robert P.G. Bowker, H. David Stensel, 1990-12-31 A guide to selecting the proper phosphorus removal strategy in wastewater treatment. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater David Richard Jancuk, Robert M. Sykes, 1993 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Wastewater Microbiology Gabriel Bitton, 2005-05-27 The new edition of a classic reference incorporating the latest findings and discoveries The Third Edition of this classic reference provides readers with concise, up-to-the-moment coverage of the role of microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment. By providing a solid foundation in microbiology, microbial growth, metabolism, and nutrient cycling, the text gives readers the tools they need to make critical decisions that affect public health, as well as the practical aspects of treatment, disinfection, water distribution, bioremediation, and water and wastewater reuse. The publication begins a discussion of microbiology principles, followed by a discussion of public health issues and concerns. Next, the core of the text is dedicated to a thorough examination of wastewater and drinking water treatment, biosolids, pollution-control biotechnology, and drinking water distribution. The remainder of the text discusses toxicity testing in wastewater treatment plants, and the public health aspects of wastewater disposal and reuse. The many advances in wastewater and drinking water microbiology have all been thoroughly integrated into the publication, including: A new chapter on bioterrorism and drinking water safety The latest developments in biofilm microbial ecology and biofilm impact on drinking water quality New, state-of-the-art detection techniques Expanded and revised treatment of toxicity testing, including new testing methods and studies on endocrine disrupters in wastewater * Alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment New problem sets, which test readers' knowledge, as well as a list of Internet resources have been added to each chapter. In addition, the publication's extensive references have been thoroughly revised for readers who would like to learn more about the latest findings and discoveries on specialized topics. Finally, the color plate section has been expanded and contains many new illustrations and tables. An authoritative guide for all researchers, administrators, and engineers in the field of microbiology, Wastewater Microbiology, Third Edition is also a valuable reference for civil and environmental engineers, public health officials, and students involved in environmental engineering and science. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater RichardI. Sedlak, 2018-04-27 This valuable new book offers practical guidance regarding the design and operation of systems for reducing effluent nitrogen and phosphorus. The principles of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are discussed, including sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, removal options, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in treatment, process selection, and treatment. The book also covers the design and operation of nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, including system options, system design, facility design, facility costs, and operation. Practical case studies are provided as examples of successful system implementations that may be able to help you decide what will work best in your plant. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphorus Removal Scott Landers, 2021 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment Adrianus van Haandel, Jeroen van der Lubbe, 2012-02-20 The scope of this comprehensive new edition of Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment ranges from the design of the activated sludge system, final settlers, auxiliary units (sludge thickeners and digesters) to pre-treatment units such as primary settlers and UASB reactors. The core of the book deals with the optimized design of biological and chemical nutrient removal. The book presents the state-of-the-art theory concerning the various aspects of the activated sludge system and develops procedures for optimized cost-based design and operation. It offers a truly integrated cost-based design method that can be easily implemented in spreadsheets and adapted to the particular needs of the user. Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Second Edition incorporates valuable new material that improves the instructive qualities of the first edition. The book has a new structure that makes the material more readily understandable and the numerous additional examples clarify the text. On the website www.wastewaterhandbook.com three free excel design spreadsheets for different configurations (secondary treatment with and without primary settling and nitrogen removal) can be downloaded to get the reader started with their own design projects. New sections have been added throughout: to explain the difference between true and apparent yield while the section on the F/M ratio, and especially the reasons not to use it, has been expanded; to demonstrate the effect of the oxygen recycle to the anoxic zones on both the denitrification capacity and the concept of available nitrate is explained in more detail. the latest developments on the causes and solution to sludge bulking and scum formation to show the rapid developments of innovative nitrogen removal and sludge separation problems the anaerobic pre-treatment section is completely rewritten based on the experiences obtained from an extensive review of large full-scale UASB based sewage treatment plants a new section on industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment three new appendices have been added. These deal with the calibration of the denitrification model, empirical design guidelines for final settler design (STORA/STOWA and ATV) and with the potential for development of denitrification in the final settler. A new chapter on moving bed biofilm reactors Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Second Edition is written for post graduate students and engineers in consulting firms and environmental protection agencies. It is an invaluable resource for everybody working in the field of wastewater treatment. Lecturer support material is available when adopted for university courses. This includes course material for the first 7 modules in the form of PDF printouts and an exercise file with questions and answers and a symbol list. Authors: Prof. dr. ir. A.C. van Haandel, Federal University of Campina Grande - Brazil and Ir. J.G.M. van der Lubbe, Biothane Systems International - Veolia, The Netherlands |
| biological phosphorus removal: The MBR Book Simon Judd, 2011-04-18 The MBR Book |
| biological phosphorus removal: Controlling Biosolids Phosphorus Content in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Reactors Sean K. Chaparro, 2002 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Retrofitting Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Canviro Consultants Ltd, Norbert W. Schmidtke & Associates, Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate, David I. Jenkins and Assoc. Inc, 1986 This investigation addressed the technical and economic feasibility ofretrofitting existing Canadian municipal wasterwater treatment plants forenhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Various EBPR processes werereviewed briefly and the practicality of using these technologies compared toconventional chemical precipitation technology for removing phosphorus frommunicipal wastewaters was assessed. An attempt was made to identify thetype and size of existing treatment plants in Canada that would be mostamenable to retrofit for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Costs werecompared for a number of EBPR alternatives and chemical precipitation. Thisstudy was not limited to a single specific plant, but was conducted inbroader context so that those conditions under which either chemical orenhanced biological phosphorus removal was more cost-effective could beidentified. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Nutrient Removal, WEF MOP 34 Water Environment Federation, 2010-10-01 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The Latest Methods for Nutrient Removal from Wastewater This Water Environment Federation resource provides comprehensive information on biological and chemical methods for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Nutrient Removal covers environmental and regulatory issues and provides an integrated approach for combined nitrogen and phosphorus removal, including details on ammonia and dewatering liquors treatment. Natural treatment systems are also discussed in this definitive guide. Nutrient Removal covers: Nutrients and their effects on the environment Regulation of nutrients in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants Overview of the nutrient removal processes Principles of biological nitrogen removal Nitrification Nitrogen removal processes, configuration, and process-sizing criteria for combined nitrification and denitrification processes Chemical and biological phosphorus removal Sidestream nitrogen removal Structured process models for nutrient removal Troubleshooting for full-scale nutrient removal facilities Aquatic natural treatment systems |
| biological phosphorus removal: Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water and Wastewater Arturo Hernandez-Maldonado, Lee Blaney, 2019-10-19 Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water and Wastewater: Advanced Treatment Processes presents the state-of-the-art in the design and use of adsorbents, membranes, and UV/oxidation processes, along with the challenges that will need to be addressed to close the gap between development and implementation in water/wastewater treatment applications. Chapters cover adsorbent and membrane design and performance, direct comparison of performance data between new (inorganic and metal organic nanoporous materials) and classic adsorbents and membranes, a list of advantages, disadvantages, and challenges related to performance limitations, regenerability, and upscaling. In addition, users will find sections on the identification of potential site and off-site applications that are listed according to adsorbent and membrane types, transformation of CECs in low- and/or medium-pressure UV irradiation processes used for disinfection, the oxidation of CECs by chlorine and ozone, and a comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of a variety of CECs in water and wastewater. - Addresses the advantages/disadvantages of select technologies, including energy resource needs and waste management issues of reverse osmosis, amongst other issues - Presents information on the advancements of technology within the realm of Engineered Treatments of CECs - Focuses on the inherent science and technology of advanced treatment processes |
| biological phosphorus removal: Developing a Biological Phosphorus Removal Potential Test Liang-Ming Whang, 1997 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling Hisao Ohtake, Satoshi Tsuneda, 2018-05-25 This book focuses on the engineering aspects of phosphorus (P) recovery and recycling, presenting recent research advances and applications of technologies in this important and challenging area of engineering. It highlights full-scale applications to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the new technologies. As an essential element for all living organisms, P cannot be replaced by any other element in biochemical processes, humans ultimately rely its availability. Today, P is mostly obtained from mined rock phosphate (Pi). However, natural reserves of high-grade rock Pi are limited and dwindling on a global scale. As such, there have been increased efforts to recycle P from secondary sources, including sewage sludge, animal manure, food waste, and steelmaking slag, and so close the anthropogenic P cycle. In addition to various aspects of phosphorus covered by other literature, including chemistry, biochemistry, ecology, soil-plant systems and sustainable management, this book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information on the rapidly evolving field of P recovery and recycling engineering for students, researchers, and professionals responsible for sustainable use of phosphorus. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Pretreatment in Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment Hermann H. Hahn, Rudolf Klute, 2012-12-06 The International Gothenburg Symposia on Chemical Treatment have proven to be a unique platform for the exchange of ideas between theory and practice. They bring together administrators, engineers and scientists, who are concerned with water purification and wastewater treatment through precipitation, coagulation and subsequent solid/liquid separation. This volume contains the proceedings of the 3rd Symposium, focussing on Pretreatment. Pretreatment is understood as the scene total of all measures taken at the pollutant source to protect water supply, the sewerage system, the central treatment plant, and the aqueous environment. It is, where applicable, the most efficient measure in ecological and economic respects. The contributions of this third volume address questions of surveillance, automation and remote control of installations as well as the principles of legal, administrative and economic measures for regulations within the context of pretreatment. Special attention is given to the possibilities and limits of pretreatment of industrial discharges. Again it is the editors'privilege to acknowledge the invaluable help from the authors of this book. It is the editors' hope that they might convey the significance and potential of pretreatment in water supply, in industrial waste management and in municipal wastewater treatment and sludge handling. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Factors Influencing the Reliability of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal J. B. Neethling, 2006-03-31 Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) has been used for decades to remove phosphorus from municipal wastewater because it allows facilities to meet water quality goals while minimizing chemical consumption and sludge production. However, there is still substantial variability in both the practices applied to achieve EBPR and the level of soluble phosphorus removal achieved. The objective of this research project was to develop information that can be used to help municipal wastewater treatment plants more efficiently and cost effectively remove phosphorus through EBPR processes. This project included detailed analysis of routine water quality and operating data, field testing observations, and special studies conducted over the course of the project to evaluate the variability of EBPR, factors influencing EBPR performance, and the relationship between EBPR and the presence of glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). |
| biological phosphorus removal: Handbook of Environmental Materials Management Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, 2019-06-03 This reference work analyzes and assesses global environmental management techniques for environmental materials with a focus on their performance and economic benefits, proposing eco-friendly solutions and designating policies that will sustain the environment for future generations. It addresses management of environmental materials as not only a complex anthropogenic problem, but also as an expensive problem that needs to be managed sustainably. Simultaneously, it considers the environmental and economic benefits involved in the high levels of investment and operation costs required to develop effective materials collection and management systems in modern society. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Pilot Scale Study of Biological Phosphorus Removal Using a Modified UCT Process Wayne M. Karlovich, 1994 |
| biological phosphorus removal: An Operator's Guide to Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) in the Activated Sludge Process Michael H. Gerardi, 2016-05-19 Contents - List of Tables - List of Figures - PART ONE: NITRIFICATION - Chapter 1 Introduction - Chapter 2 Nitrogenous and Phosphorous Compounds - Chapter 3 Nitrification: The Basics - Chapter 4 Nitrifying Bacteria - Chapter 5 Nitrification and Limiting Factors - Chapter 6 Promoting Nitrification - PART TWO: DENITRIFICATION - Chapter 7 Denitrification: The Basics - Chapter 8 Denitrifying Bacteria - Chapter 9 Denitrification and Limiting Factors - PART THREE: BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL - Chapter 10 Biological Phosphorus Removal: The Basics - Chapter 11 EBPR: Process Control - Abbreviations and Acronyms - Glossary - Bibliography - Biological nutrient removal (BNR), the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater, is a complex process. Although the activated sludge process is an efficient technology for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS), it provides less-than-optimal conditions for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, and presents numerous challenges to the operator trying to satisfy the many requirements for several different groups of bacteria. In addition to satisfying the requirements there are numerous, highly variable operational conditions that impact BNR. These conditions include: changes in strength and composition of the wastewater, alkalinity and pH, temperature, and presence of inhibitory and toxic wastes. Even fluctuations in flows, especially from inflow and infiltration, can adversely impact the aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions needed for successful BNR. Of the three treatment processes, nitrification, denitrification, and enhanced biological removal, nitrification is often the most difficult to achieve. Therefore, a large portion of this book reviews nitrification. Operators of the activated sludge process need to understand the basic biological, chemical, and physical requirements for BNR in order to improve the performance of these treatment processes. An Operator's Guide to Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) in the Activated Sludge Process is intended to help operators in the monitoring, troubleshooting, and process control of BNR. Numerous tables and figures are included in the book to help the operator understand the biological and chemical reactions that are involved in BNR processes and how the reactions can be monitored for process control. Design of BNR processes is not addressed in this book. Design is addressed in numerous engineering publications. The book serves to help operators achieve permit compliance for nitrogen and phosphorus discharge limits and obtain cost-effective operation. - |
| biological phosphorus removal: Biological Phosphorus Removal Potential Test Jae Kwang Park, Liang-Ming Whang, Gerald Novotny, 1999 |
| biological phosphorus removal: Effect of Sulphide on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Francisco Javier Rubio Rincon, 2017-03-03 The enhanced biological removal of phosphorus (EBPR) is a popular process due to high removal efficiency, low operational costs, and the possibility of phosphorus recovery. Nevertheless, the stability of the EBPR depends on different factors such as: temperature, pH, and the presence of toxic compounds. While extensive studies have researched the effects of temperature and pH on EBPR systems, little is known about the effects of different toxic compounds on EBPR. For example, sulphide has shown to inhibit different microbial activities in the WWTP, but the knowledge about its effects on EBPR is limited. Whereas the sulphide generated in the sewage can cause a shock effect on EBPR, the continuously exposure to sulphide potentially generated in WWTP can cause the acclimatization and adaptation of the biomass. This research suggests that sulphate reducing bacteria can proliferate in WWTP, as they are reversibly inhibited by the recirculation of sludge through anaerobic-anoxic-oxic conditions. The research enhances the understanding of the effect of sulphide on the anaerobic-oxic metabolism of PAO. It suggests that the filamentous bacteria Thiothrix caldifontis could play an important role in the biological removal of phosphorus. It questions the ability of PAO to generate energy from nitrate respiration and its use for the anoxic phosphorus uptake. Thus, the results obtained in this research can be used to understand the stability of the EBPR process under anaerobic-anoxic-oxic conditions, especially when exposed to the presence of sulphide. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Treatment Wetlands Gabriela Dotro, Guenter Langergraber, Pascal Molle, Jaime Nivala, Jaume Puigagut, Otto Stein, Marcos Von Sperling, 2017-11-15 Contents: Overview of Treatment Wetlands; Fundamentals of Treatment Wetlands; Horizontal Flow Wetlands; Vertical Flow Wetlands; French Vertical Flow Wetlands; Intensified and Modified Wetlands; Free Water Surface Wetlands; Other Applications; Additional Aspects. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Waste Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Management Association, Information Resources, 2019-12-06 As the world’s population continues to grow and economic conditions continue to improve, more solid and liquid waste is being generated by society. Improper disposal methods can not only lead to harmful environmental impacts but can also negatively affect human health. To prevent further harm to the world’s ecosystems, there is a dire need for sustainable waste management practices that will safeguard the environment for future generations. Waste Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that examines the management of different types of wastes and provides relevant theoretical frameworks about new waste management technologies for the control of air, water, and soil pollution. Highlighting a range of topics such as contaminant removal, landfill treatment, and recycling, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for environmental engineers, waste authorities, solid waste management companies, landfill operators, legislators, environmentalists, policymakers, government officials, academicians, researchers, and students. |
| biological phosphorus removal: Activated Sludge and Nutrient Removal Water Environment Federation, 2017-08-09 Activated Sludge and Nutrient Removal guides you through selecting an appropriate sludge age, calculating wasting rates, optimizing return activated sludge flow, managing clarifier blankets, and setting DO and ORP set points. |
