Practical argument Kirszner refers to the ideas and strategies outlined by literature and composition scholars Stephen R. Kirszner and Barbara A. Mandell in their works on writing and argumentation. Their insights into practical argumentation provide a framework that is not only applicable in academic settings but also in everyday decision-making and persuasive communication. This article delves into the concept of practical argument as discussed by Kirszner, emphasizing its components, structure, and applications in various contexts.
Understanding Practical Argument
Practical argument is essentially a form of reasoning that aims to persuade an audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take specific action based on practical considerations. It is distinguished from theoretical arguments that may focus more on abstract principles or ideals. Kirszner and Mandell argue that effective practical arguments must be grounded in real-world contexts, utilizing evidence and reasoning that resonate with the audience's experiences and values.
Key Components of Practical Argument
A practical argument typically consists of several key components that contribute to its effectiveness:
- Claim: This is the main point or position that the arguer is advocating for. It should be clear and concise.
- Reasons: These are the justifications provided to support the claim. Effective reasons are grounded in evidence and relevant to the audience.
- Evidence: This includes data, statistics, anecdotes, expert opinions, or examples that substantiate the reasons. The quality and credibility of evidence can significantly affect the persuasiveness of the argument.
- Warrants: These are the underlying assumptions that connect the evidence to the claim. They explain why the evidence supports the claim and are often based on shared values and beliefs.
- Counterarguments: Addressing opposing viewpoints is crucial in practical argumentation. Acknowledging and refuting counterarguments demonstrates a well-rounded understanding of the issue and strengthens the original claim.
The Structure of Practical Argument
Kirszner and Mandell recommend a structured approach to crafting practical arguments, which can enhance clarity and persuasiveness. The following outline provides a framework for constructing a practical argument:
1. Introduction
In the introduction, the arguer should present the issue at hand, state their claim, and provide context. This sets the stage for the audience to understand the relevance of the argument.
2. Body Paragraphs
The body of the argument should be organized logically, with each paragraph focusing on a specific reason or piece of evidence. Here’s a suggested structure:
- Paragraph 1: Introduce the first reason and support it with evidence. Include a warrant that connects the evidence to the claim.
- Paragraph 2: Present the second reason, followed by evidence and a warrant.
- Paragraph 3: Address a counterargument, providing evidence to refute it and reinforcing the original claim.
3. Conclusion
The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the claim in light of the evidence presented. It is also an opportunity to encourage the audience to take action or consider the implications of the argument.
Applications of Practical Argument
Practical argumentation, as outlined by Kirszner, is applicable in various contexts beyond academic writing. Here are some areas where practical arguments can be effectively employed:
1. Everyday Decision-Making
Individuals often face decisions that require weighing options and considering consequences. By employing the principles of practical argument, one can make informed choices. For example, when deciding whether to buy a car, a person might consider the following:
- Claim: Buying a fuel-efficient car is a wise decision.
- Reasons:
- It saves money on gas.
- It is better for the environment.
- Evidence: Studies show that fuel-efficient cars can save drivers over $1,000 annually in fuel costs.
- Warrant: The long-term financial and environmental benefits justify the purchase.
2. Persuasive Writing and Speaking
In both written and spoken communication, practical argumentation can enhance persuasion. Whether drafting a proposal or delivering a speech, incorporating the structure of practical argument can make the message more compelling. By clearly outlining claims, supporting them with evidence, and addressing counterarguments, speakers and writers can effectively persuade their audience.
3. Advocacy and Activism
In the realm of social justice and advocacy, practical arguments are essential for mobilizing support and effecting change. Advocates must articulate their positions on issues such as climate change, healthcare, or education reform. A practical argument might look like this:
- Claim: The government should invest more in renewable energy sources.
- Reasons:
- It creates jobs in the green sector.
- It reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
- Evidence: Reports indicate that renewable energy jobs have grown by 20% in the last five years.
- Warrant: Investing in renewable energy is beneficial for the economy and the environment.
Challenges in Practical Argumentation
While practical argumentation can be a powerful tool, there are challenges that individuals may encounter. Understanding these challenges can help improve the effectiveness of arguments:
1. Emotional Appeals vs. Logical Reasoning
One common challenge is striking the right balance between emotional appeals and logical reasoning. While emotions can be persuasive, relying too heavily on them may undermine the credibility of the argument. It is crucial to integrate emotion with logical reasoning to create a well-rounded argument.
2. Bias and Assumptions
Bias can cloud judgment and hinder the ability to construct a fair argument. Being aware of one’s biases and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints can strengthen an argument by ensuring that it is based on a comprehensive understanding of the issue.
3. Audience Consideration
Understanding the audience is vital in practical argumentation. Arguments that resonate with one group may not be effective with another. Tailoring the argument to the values, beliefs, and experiences of the audience can enhance its persuasiveness.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the principles of practical argumentation as articulated by Kirszner provide a valuable framework for effective communication. By understanding the key components and structure of practical argument, individuals can enhance their ability to persuade and engage with others in various contexts. Whether in everyday decision-making, persuasive writing, or advocacy, the practical argument approach equips individuals with the tools to articulate their claims clearly, support them with solid evidence, and address counterarguments thoughtfully. With practice and awareness of the challenges involved, anyone can become a more effective communicator and advocate.
